New Research Clearinghouse updates for Feb. 20, 2014

The Prison Policy Initiative research clearinghouse has been updated with 52 new reports.

Be sure to check out the new family category of the Research Clearinghouse for sources such as:

• Redefining Relationships: Explaining the Countervailing Consequences of Paternal Incarceration for Parenting
  by Turney, Kristen, January, 2014
  "In this paper, we consider the countervailing consequences of paternal incarceration for a host of family relationships, including fathers' parenting, mothers' parenting, and the relationship between parents."
  See similar reports about:
  Families Community Impact

Other new research entries:

• Reducing Gun Violence in America Informing Policy with Evidence and Analysis
  by Center for Gun Policy and Research, February, 2014
  "Unless we take action, during... four years some 48,000 Americans will be killed with guns- nearly twice as many people as were killed in combat during the entire Vietnam War."
  See similar reports about:
  Gun Control
• Healthcare Not Handcuffs: Putting the Affordable Care Act to Work for Criminal Justice and Drug Policy Reform
  by ACLU, December, 2013
  "...the legislation represents an opportunity to recast substance use disorders and drug use as a matter for public health rather than criminal justice..."
  See similar reports about:
  Drug Policy
• Virginia's Justice System Expensive, Ineffective and Unfair
  by Justice Policy Institute, November, 2013
  "Virginia's aggressive stance on arresting people for drug violations has had no effect on reducing drug use. In fact, illicit drug use has increased in recent years."
  See similar reports about:
  Crime and Crime Rates
• A Living Death Life Without Parole for Nonviolent Offenses
  by ACLU, November, 2013
  "About 79 percent of the 3,278 prisoners serving life without parole were sentenced to die in prison for nonviolent drug crimes."
  See similar reports about:
  Sentencing Policy Drug Policy
• Criminal Justice in the 21st Century: Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Criminal Justice System
  by National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, October, 2013
  "We have to question why we are using the long arm of the criminal justice system to arrest... black and Latino men who write their name on a wall, or why we arrest kids for pot in a pocket when we don't arrest other kids for pot."
  See similar reports about:
  Civil Rights
• A Second Chance Charting a New Course for Re-Entry and Criminal Justice Reform
  by Leadership Conference Education Fund, October, 2013
  "...the United States currently incarcerates ...more than 2.2 million individuals. And that's just people who are physically in jail or prison. If we count people on parole and people on probation, that number jumps to almost 7 million."
  See similar reports about:
  Prison Programs Recidivism Reentry
• Report on Suicide Prevention Practices within the District of Colombia, Department of Corrections' Central Detention Facility
  by DC Department of Corrections, September, 2013
  "...correctional officers that are assigned to the mental health unit ...in the Central Detention Facility do not receive any specialized mental health and/or suicide prevention training."
  See similar reports about:
  Mental Health
• Sentencing and Prison Practices in Germany and the Netherlands: Implications for the United States
  by Vera, October, 2013
  "Many countries in Northern Europe -- such as Germany and the Netherlands -- have significantly lower incarceration rates and make much greater use of non-custodial penalties, particularly for nonviolent crimes."
  See similar reports about:
  International Incarceration Comparisons
• Funding Public Safety Realignment
  by Public Policy Institute of California, November, 2013
  "Achieving lower rates of recidivism is a key goal for the state because the share of individuals returning to crime has a direct bearing on the state's ability to reduce prison crowding."
  See similar reports about:
  Prison and The Economy
• A Lifetime of Punishment: The Impact of the Felony Drug Ban on Welfare Benefits
  by The Sentencing Project, November, 2013
  "... there is little reason to believe that barring individuals with felony drug convictions from receiving welfare benefits deters drug use or crime."
  See similar reports about:
  Drug Policy Community Impact
• Locked Up & Shipped Away: Interstate Prison Transfers and the Private Prison Industry
  by Grassroots Leadership, November, 2013
  "Currently, prisoners in out-of-state private facilities are held approximately 450 miles to nearly 3,000 miles from their home states."
  See similar reports about:
  Prison Privatization
• Intimate Partner Violence: Attributes of Victimizations, 1993-2011
  by U.S. Department of Justice, November, 2013
  "From 1994 to 2011, the rate of serious intimate partner violence declined 72% for females and 64% for males."
  See similar reports about:
  Crime and Crime Rates
• Impact of Realignment on County Jail Populations
  by Public Policy Institute of California, June, 2013
  "Between June 2011 and June 2012, the state prison population declined by 26,600 inmates. Concurrently, California's county average daily jail population grew by about 8,600 inmates..."
  See similar reports about:
  Incarceration Rates Growth Causes Community Impact
• Rethinking the State-Local Relationship
  by Public Policy Institute of California, August, 2011
  "The legislature has passed and Governor Jerry Brown has signed legislation (AB 109) to send roughly 30,000 prisoners to county jail rather than state prison."
  See similar reports about:
  Incarceration Rates Growth Causes Community Impact
• Reforming Funding to Reduce Mass Incarceration
  by Brennan Center for Justice, November, 2013
  "More than 68 million Americans -- a quarter of the nation's population -- have criminal records."
  See similar reports about:
  Prison and The Economy
• The Impact of Federal Budget Cuts from FY10-FY13 on State and Local Public Safety
  by Vera Institute of Justice, November, 2013
  "Overall funding for Department of Justice grant programs has dropped by 43 percent since FY10."
  See similar reports about:
  Prison and The Economy
• An Offer You Can't Refuse How US Federal Prosecutors Force Drug Defendants to Plead Guilty
  by Human Rights Watch, December, 2013
  "In 2012, the average sentence of federal drug offenders convicted after trial was three times higher (16 years) than that received after a guilty plea (5 years and 4 months)."
  See similar reports about:
  Trials
• State Court Organization, 2011
  by Bureau of Justice Statistics, November, 2013
  "From 1980 to 2011, the number of state trial court judges increased 11%, from 24,784 to 27,570 (figure 1). During the same period, the U.S. population increased 37%, and arrests in the U.S. increased 19%."
  See similar reports about:
  Trials
• Alone & Afraid Children Held in Solitary Confinement and Isolation in Juvenile Detention and Correctional Facilities
  by American Civil Liberties Union, November, 2013
  "Solitary confinement and isolation of children in juvenile facilities is psychologically, developmentally, and physically damaging and can result in long-term problems and even suicide."
  See similar reports about:
  Juveniles
• Assessing Pretrial Risk without a Defendant Interview
  by Laura and John Arnold Foundation, November, 2013
  "Less than 10% of judicial officers across the country use pretrial risk assessment tools to make these decisions, in part because they require costly and time-consuming defendant interviews."
  See similar reports about:
  Pretrial Detention
• Investigating the Impact of Pretrial Detention on Sentencing Outcomes
  by Laura and John Arnold Foundation, November, 2013
  "Low-risk defendants who are detained for the entire pretrial period are 5.41 times more likely to be sentenced to jail and 3.76 times more likely to be sentenced to prison when compared to low-risk defendants who are released ... before trial..."
  See similar reports about:
  Pretrial Detention
• The Hidden Costs of Pretrial Detention
  by Laura and John Arnold Foundation, November, 2013
  "When held 8-14 days, low-risk defendants are 51 percent more likely to commit another crime within two years after completion of their cases than equivalent defendants held no more than 24 hours."
  See similar reports about:
  Pretrial Detention
• Exploring the Impact of Supervision on Pretrial Outcomes
  by Laura and John Arnold Foundation, November, 2013
  "Defendants supervised pretrial for more than 180 days were 12% to 36% less likely to commit new crimes before case disposition."
  See similar reports about:
  Pretrial Detention
• The Impact of Parole in New Jersey
  by Pew Charitable Trusts, November, 2013
  "About 25 percent of parolees released in 2008 committed new crimes and returned to prison within three years, compared with 41 percent of offenders who maxed out their sentences, were released without supervision, and subsequently committed new crimes."
  See similar reports about:
  Prison Programs Recidivism Reentry
• From Courts to Communities: The Right Response to Truancy, Running Away, and Other Status Offenses
  by Vera Institute of Justice, December, 2013
  "Youth who run away from home, routinely skip school, and engage in other risky behaviors that are prohibited ...are acting out in ways that should concern the adults in their lives. They need appropriate attention-but not from the juvenile justice system."
  See similar reports about:
  Juveniles
• Local Government Corrections Expenditures, FY 2005-2011
  by U.S. Department of Justice, December, 2013
  "Local governments spent 1.6% of total expenditures on corrections."
  See similar reports about:
  Prison and The Economy
• A Generation Later: What We've Learned about Zero Tolerance in Schools
  by Vera Institute of Justice, December, 2013
  "Among middle school students, black youth are suspended nearly 4 times more often than white youth, and Latino youth are roughly twice as likely to be suspended or expelled than white youth."
  See similar reports about:
  Juveniles
• Victims of Identity Theft, 2012
  by U.S. Department of Justice, December, 2013
  "About 7% of persons age 16 or older were victims of identity theft in 2012."
  See similar reports about:
  Crime and Crime Rates
• Correctional Populations in the United States, 2012
  by Bureau of Justice Statistics, December, 2013
  "Although the correctional population declined by 0.7% during 2012, this was the slowest rate of decline observed since 2009 when the population first decreased."
  See similar reports about:
  Incarceration Rates Growth Causes
• Prisoners in 2012: Trends in Admissions and Releases, 1991-2012
  by Bureau of Justice Statistics, December, 2013
  "The number of releases from U.S. prisons in 2012 (637,400) exceeded that of admissions for the fourth consecutive year, contributing to the decline in the total U.S. prison population."
  See similar reports about:
  Incarceration Rates Growth Causes
• Probation and Parole in the United States, 2012
  by Bureau of Justice Statistics, December, 2013
  "Both parole entries (down 9.1%) and exits (down 6.8%) declined between 2011 and 2012."
  See similar reports about:
  Prison Procedures
• The Death Penalty in 2013: Year End Report
  by Death Penalty Information Center, December, 2013
  "Public support for the death penalty reached its lowest level in 40 years."
  See similar reports about:
  Death Penalty Public Opinion
• Homicide in the U.S. Known to Law Enforcement, 2011
  by Bureau of Justice Statistics, December, 2013
  "The U.S. homicide rate declined by nearly half (49%), from 9.3 homicides per 100,000 U.S. residents in 1992 to 4.7 in 2011, falling to the lowest level since 1963."
  See similar reports about:
  Crime and Crime Rates
• Federal Justice Statistics, 2010
  by Bureau of Justice Statistics, December, 2013
  "Among those offenders who were released from federal prison in 2008 and returned within 3 years, 59% returned for a supervision violation and 39% returned for a new offense."
  See similar reports about:
  Incarceration Rates Growth Causes
• Sexual Victimization Reported by Adult Correctional Authorities, 2009-11
  by Bureau of Justice Statistics, January, 2014
  "Between 2009 and 2011, females represented about 7% of all state and federal prison inmates, but accounted for 22% of inmate-on-inmate victims and 33% of staff-on-inmate victims."
  See similar reports about:
  Prisoner Welfare
• Incarceration is associated with used syringe lending among active injection drug users with detectable plasma HIV-1 RNA: a longitudinal analysis
  by BMC Infectious Diseases, December, 2013
  "Among people who inject drugs (PWID), exposure to correctional facilities is common and has been consistently associated with heightened risk of sharing used syringes..."
  See similar reports about:
  Drug Policy
• Realignment Report An Examination of Offenders Released from State Prison in the First Year of Public Safety Realignment
  by California Department of Corrections And Rehabilitation, December, 2013
  "...the one-year return to prison rate was substantially less post-Realignment, since most offenders in this cohort were ineligible to return to prison on a parole violation."
  See similar reports about:
  Prison Programs Recidivism Reentry
• Third Time the Charm? State Laws on Medical Cannabis Distribution and Department of Justice Guidance on Enforcement
  by Americans for Safe Access, November, 2013
  "In fact, the Obama Administration has outspent all predecessors, with enforcement targeting medical cannabis programs and partici- pants that has cost taxpayers over $300 million and destroyed thousands of lives."
  See similar reports about:
  Drug Policy
• Demographic Patterns of Cumulative Arrest Prevalence by Ages 18 and 23
  by Brame, Robert, January, 2014
  "...about 30% of Black males have experienced at least one arrest by age 18 (vs. about 22% for White males); by age 23 about 49% of Black males have been arrested (vs. about 38% for White males)."
  See similar reports about:
  Incarceration Rates Growth Causes
• Imprisonment and Disenfranchisement of Disconnected Low-Income Men
  by Urban Institute, August, 2013
  "When broken out by race and ethnicity, striking differences appear: incarceration rates for African American men are over six times higher than rates for white men and nearly two and a half times higher than rates for Hispanic men..."
  See similar reports about:
  Felon Disenfranchisement Incarceration Rates Growth Causes
• A Review of Mental Health Services in Local and Regional Jails
  by Virginia Office of the State Inspector General, January, 2014
  "Jails lack the capacity to satisfy the current demand for mental health services."
  See similar reports about:
  Mental Health
• Indicators of Labor Trafficking Among North Carolina Migrant Farmworkers
  by National Institute of Justice, August, 2013
  "...Law enforcement representatives do not view labor trafficking either as a problem or as a law enforcement issue."
  See similar reports about:
  Crime and Crime Rates
• Justice Reinvestment Initiative State Assessment Report
  by Urban Institute, January, 2014
  "Since enacting JRI, all eight states- Arkansas, Hawaii, Louisiana, Kentucky, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Ohio, and South Carolina- have experienced reductions in their prison populations since the start of JRI."
  See similar reports about:
  Prison and The Economy Incarceration Rates Growth Causes
• A Program Evaluation of In-Prison Components The Colorado Department of Corrections Sex Offender Treatment and Monitoring Program
  by Central Coast Clinical and Forensic Psychology Services, Inc., January, 2014
  "Many sexual offenders who could successfully be managed in the community, had they effectively participated in treatment, may instead spend additional years in prison. This will represent a great cost to the Colorado taxpayer..."
  See similar reports about:
  Prison Programs Recidivism Reentry
• California's 58 Crime Rates: Realignment and Crime in 2012
  by Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice, January, 2014
  "he present analysis finds California's 58 counties vary dramatically in their implementation of Realignment and in their respective crime rates."
  See similar reports about:
  Crime and Crime Rates
• Playbook for Change? States Reconsider Mandatory Sentences
  by Vera Institute of Justice, February, 2014
  "...there is little evidence that longer sentences have more than a marginal effect in reducing recidivism-a key performance indicator of a state's correctional system. More than four out of 10 adult offenders still return to prison within three years..."
  See similar reports about:
  Sentencing Policy
• Parolable Lifers in Michigan: Paying the price of unchecked discretion
  by Citizens Alliance on Prisons & Public Spending, February, 2014
  "With the average annual cost of incarcerating an aging prisoner at roughly $40,000, each decision to continue a lifer for five years costs taxpayers about $200,000. Research demonstrates that lifers have by far the lowest re-offense rates of all parolees"
  See similar reports about:
  Sentencing Policy
• Michigan's Parolable Lifers: The Cost of a Broken Process
  by Citizens Alliance on Prisons & Public Spending, February, 2014
  "When most of today's parole-eligible lifers were sentenced, it was by judges who believed both a life sentence and a 40- year minimum term meant release within 16 years."
  See similar reports about:
  Sentencing Policy
• Solitary Confinement and Risk of Self-Harm Among Jail Inmates
  by American Journal of Public Health, March, 2014
  "Inmates ...assigned to solitary confinement were 3.2 times as likely to commit an act of self-harm per 1000 days at some time during their incarceration as those never assigned to solitary."
  See similar reports about:
  Mental Health
• Risks of Drug-Related Death, Suicide, and Homicide During the Immediate Post-Release Period Among People Released From New York City Jails, 2001-2005
  by New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, August, 2011
  "...formerly incarcerated people in NYC were 8 times more likely to die of drug-related causes and 5 times more likely to die from homicide during the first 2 weeks after release than were nonincarcerated NYC residents in the same 2-week period."
  See similar reports about:
  Prison Programs Recidivism Reentry
• Hate Crime Victimization, 2004-2012 - Statistics
  by Bureau of Justice Statistics, February, 2014
  "In 2012, victims perceived that the offender was motivated by bias against the victim's ethnicity in 51% of hate crimes... This was a statistically significant increase from 30% of hate crimes motivated by ethnicity bias in 2011 and 22% in 2004."
  See similar reports about:
  Crime and Crime Rates

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